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Pakistan Steel Mills (Urdu: پاکستان اسٹيل ملز; reporting name: PSM), also known as ''Pak Steels'', is a global competitive,〔 multi-billion and the producer of the long rolled steel and heavy metal products and entities in the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Pakistan Steel Mills )〕 Headquartered in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan, the PSM is the current largest industrial mega-corporation having a production capacity of 1.1—5.0 million tonnes of steel and iron foundries.〔 Built with the contributions of the Soviet Union in the 1970s, it is the largest industrial mega-corporation complex, vastly expanded in an enormous dimensions construction inputs, involving the use of 1.29Mn cubic meters of concrete; 5.70Mn cubic meters of earth work; and contains ~330,000 tonnes of heavy machinery, steel structures and electrical equipments.〔 A controversial attempt was made to privatize the steel mills to global private ownership under a counter-measure Privatization Programme of Prime minister Shaukat Aziz.〔 All attempts were thwarted by the Supreme Court which launched a full-fledged investigation against the attempts to privatize as private sector and lost the control of the steel mills in matter of weeks.〔 In spite of its enormous size and expansion, only 18% of the capacity was in use and the steel mills requested a bailout plan of Rs.12 billion to prevent its closure;〔Kiani, Khaleeq. ("Pakistan Steel in dire straits; liability Rs110bn." ) ''DAWN Media Group'', 19 September 2011.〕 the bail out plan was dismissed by the government. Finally, the steel mills was brought back to government-ownership management under an inverse counter-measure Nationalization Programme〔 of Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani and since then, its operational plant capacity has been reached to 30%—50〔% after seeking the government financial assistance.〔 == History== After the state establishment of State of Pakistan in 1947, the of Prime minister Lyakat Ali Khan, came to realized to a thinking mind-set that the goal of progressive industrialization nearly impossible without the possession of a self-reliant iron and steel foundry. Initially, the foreign dependence on imports caused serious economical setbacks to the state along with an extortionately high import bill which would be impossible to support. The initial idea and studies were conceived by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) and put forward the concept to the Five-Year Plans of Pakistan (1955-1960). In 1958, Soviet premier Nikolai Bulganin offered technical and scientific assistance to Prime minister Suhrawardy regarding the steel mills and expressing interests in establishing the country's first steel mills. The project was comprehensively debated in the governments of Prime Minister Huseyn Suhravardie and President Ayub Khan; the manufacturing process, supply sources of the requisite machinery and raw materials, plant site, domestic ore versus imported ore, ownership pattern, product mix and all foreign financing credit kept the project on hold for a considerable time.〔 After 20 years of policy development and studies of PCSIR, President General Yahya Khan gave the approval of the recommendations of the state-owned scientific think tank, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.〔 Bureaucrats and scientists agreed upon an unified decision that the "Karachi Steel Project" shall be sponsored in the state-public sector, under which a separate corporation sanctioned by the Companies Act, will be formed.〔 In pursuance of this decision, the Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation Limited (PSM Ltd.) was given commissioned and incorporated as a private limited company in a public sector in the accordance of Companies Act of 1913, to be established in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan.〔 Contacts were made to United States but the U.S. government showed lack of ambitions and interest in the project; therefore the studies were sent to Soviet Union who took the initiatives. The United States forcefully refused to provide or give any kind of assistance, as the creation of any such kind of basic industry in an underdeveloped country was considered a threat to their own exploitative imperialist agendas.〔 Finally, an agreement was reached with the V/O Tyaz Promexport of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in January 1969.〔 In 1971, Pakistan and Soviet Union finally proceeded to enter in a government agreement, upon which, the Soviet Union agreed to provide techno-financial assistance for the construction of a coastal based integrated steel mill at Karachi.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pakistan Steel Mills」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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